• Home
  • Resources
    • Education Center
    • Evaluation & Studies
    • Discussion Forums
    • FAQ
  • Formulations
    • Soil – Root Biostimulants
    • Foliar Biostimulants
    • Foliar Nutritional Correctors
    • Bio Protectors
    • Soil amendments
  • News
  • Corporate
    • About Us
    • Partner With Us
    • Distributor Information
    • Careers
    • Investors
  • Contact Us

Call us at +511 201 5300.

Login

Register

Login
Language
  • lang English
  • lang Español
LEDAROL LEDAROL LEDAROL LEDAROL
  • Home
  • Resources
    • Education Center
    • Evaluation & Studies
    • Discussion Forums
    • FAQ
  • Formulations
    • Soil – Root Biostimulants
      • Ledamino
      • Ledamino Zn
    • Foliar Biostimulants
      • Ledafol
      • Ledalgae
    • Foliar Nutritional Correctors
      • Ledafol Ca
      • Ledafol Fe
      • Ledafol Mg
      • Ledafol Mn
      • Ledafol Zn
    • Bio Protectors
      • Ledakito
      • Ledafens
      • Ledamino Cu
      • Ledafol Cu
    • Soil amendments
      • Ledamico
    • Catalogue
    • Ledarol Challenge
    • FAQ
  • News
  • Corporate
    • About Us
    • Partner With Us
    • Distributor Information
    • Careers
    • Investors
  • Contact Us

Education Center

Home Education Center
Ledarol Crop Science through an educational center focused on agriculture promotes value added to the raw material, economic and environmental sustainability of production, work culture, production of “safe and healthy food” and “knowledge, use and correct application” of appropriate technologies.
  • Function of Calcium
  • Function of Manganese
  • Function of Zinc
  • Function of Iron
  • Function of Copper

Function of Calcium

Calcium plays a fundamental role in the formation of the membrane of the cell wall and in its plasticity. This increases normal cell division while maintaining cell integrity and membrane permeability. Calcium also acts as an activator of several enzymatic systems in the synthesis of protein and in the transfer of carbohydrate. Calcium is mixed with anions including organic acids, sulfates and phosphates. It also acts as a detoxifying agent as it neutralizes organic acids in plants. Calcium indirectly helps to increase crop production by reducing the acidity in the soil when it is limestone.

Calcium Deficiency

Calcium deficient leaves show necrosis at the base. Due to the low mobility of Calcium, symptoms appear first on newer leaves. Classic signs of calcium deficiency include burns on top of tomato fruits, tip of leaves of lettuce, blackheart on celery and death of growing parts on several plants. Soft tissue necrotic tissue is common in fast-growing areas. This is generally related more to a minimal calcium translocation than to an insufficient external supplementation of calcium.
Slow-growing plants suffering from a calcium deficiency can take calcium from older leaves and give it to newer ones to keep pace with growth. As a result, the edges of the leaves develop more slowly than the inner part, causing the leaf to grow in the shape of a suction cup. Finally, the petioles will develop but the leaves will not grow. Plants suffering from chronic calcium deficiency have a much greater tendency to march than those not affected by this deficiency.
Teaser Image
“Bitter pit” (yellow spots) in apples: calcium deficiency.
Teaser Image
“Blossom end rot” (apical rot) in tomatoes: calcium deficiency.
Teaser Image
Calcium deficiency in lemon leaves.

Function of Manganese

The main function of manganese is to activate various metabolic functions within the plant enzymatic system. It is a constitutive element of the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. Pyruvate is a key intersection in several metabolic pathways. Manganese is involved in the oxidation-reduction process of photosynthesis and is necessary for the protein complex of photosystem II. The complex employs light photons to energize electrons and participates in photolysis. In addition, manganese activates indole acetic acid oxidase, which thereby oxidizes indole acetic acid in plants.

The importance of microelements in the production of fruit trees and vines of high quality and condition

MANGANESO IN THE PLANTS

Manganese (Mn) is an indispensable element for the growth and production of plants. It is classified as a micronutrient because the amounts required by the plant are small, but higher than any other micronutrient such as Cu and Zn6. Absorption by the plant is active and occurs through the root and leaves10.  Within the plant mobility is scarce, and transport is upward by the xylem 6.
The Mn is relatively abundant in the soil, however the plants absorb it basically as Mn ion2+. There is high availability of Mn in acid soils, with optimum pH for abosorption between 4.5 – 5.5. Likewise, this microelement is limited to soils with the presence of free carbonates and is insoluble in soils with alkaline pH1.
Mn participates in numerous oxidation-reduction enzyme systems, participates in photosynthesis as part of the mangano-protein that is responsible for the photolysis of water and production of O2, involved in protein synthesis as it participates in the assimilation of ammonium (NH4+), acts on the formation of lateral roots, and regulates the metabolism of fatty acids and activates the growth influencing the long growth of cells9.
Mn is one of the elements that contribute most to the functioning of biological processes, such as the transport of electrons in photosynthesis and the formation of chlorophyll 9 y 1.  Due to this function, the deficiency symptoms of this element generally include leaf yellowing or chlorosis, because chloroplasts lose chlorophyll and starch grains and eventually disintegrate 7 y 10. These deficiencies are similar to those of the Fierro, however they differ because in this case a green aura appears around the ribs. These deficiencies occur more frequently in soils with high levels of organic matter, in soils with neutral to alkaline pH, and in soils that are naturally deficient in Mn content 7.
In certain crops, such as Cranberry, the pH decrease by acidification of the irrigation water or by natural product of the mineralization of the organic matter, increases the solubility of the Mn in the soil, leaving it available for the roots. Also, the excess moisture effect generates conditions that promote the passage of the oxidized Manganese Mn 3+ to Manganese reduced Mn 2+ which is more soluble3.  Also the substrate temperature above 24°C promotes the release of Mn available for absorption. These factors generate toxicity in the plant, observing leaf distortion and dark spots1. In severe cases, there is a necrosing of the edges of the leaves moving inwardly of them as the severity increases8. Symptoms are more visible in young plants.
The response of the cultures to Mn applications can be very profitable in soils where low levels of Mn have been detected or where the pH is high7, this previous analysis. Studies have shown that adequate levels of leaf Mn in Palto (Hass variety) cultivation is 30-500 ppm 4, in Blueberry the appropriate levels are 50 – 350 mg / kg, in citrus the optimal values are between 25-100 ppm5, and in vid the appropriate values are between 41 – 100 ppm2. In addition, in the case of grapevine, the optimum values of Mn in the berries when performing a 100g analysis of dry matter is 0.04-0.08mg.
Nutritional management is one of the most important factors in crops, so proper management will ensure success.

Mn Deficiency in Palto

Mn Deficiency in Citrus

Mn Deficiency in Vid

Manganese deficiency

Leaves with manganese deficiency show mild interventional chlorosis. In its early stages, it can be mistaken for iron deficiency. Symptoms begin with mild chlorosis in younger leaves, while the veins of adult leaves remain green (the phenomenon is more visible if observed under transmitted light). The leaves then acquire a grayish metallic luster and develop dark speckled and necrotic areas along the nerves. A purple tone may also appear on the upper side of the leaves. Some cereals, such as oats, wheat and barley, are extremely susceptible to manganese deficiency. They develop mild chlorosis along with gray specks that lengthen and join together. At the end of the process, the leaf completely withers and dies.
Teaser Image
Deficiency of manganese in barley.
Teaser Image
Deficiency of manganese in cucumber leaves.
Teaser Image
Deficiency of manganese in pea leaves.

General information

EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a chelate that protects nutrients against precipitation in a moderate pH range (pH 4- 6.5). Its pH range is similar to that of the DTPA and the biodegradable chelate IDHA. The EDTA stability constant is moderate, although slightly lower than that of the DTPA chelate.
It is mainly used in plant nutrition in fertirrigation systems, as an ingredient for NPKs and as an additional nutritional contribution (foliar application). EDTA chelates do not damage leaf tissue, making them ideal for foliar spraying.
The Van Iperen EDTA chelates are produced from an exclusive and patented microgranulation process. This method guarantees a straw-free, powder-free, non-compacting, fluid and highly soluble microgranule.
In addition to single element EDTA chelates, Van Iperen International markets blends or chemical compounds. In the physical mixtures macronutrients and / or additives can be added as amino acids or humic acids. The compounds are composed of both chelated and non-chelated micronutrients. The final product is our strawberry microgranule exclusive in the sector.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

  1. Garcia, E. 2013. Deficiencies of Iron and Manganese in Bean Leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) identified by textural analysis, color of digital images and artificial neural networks. Institute of teaching and research in agricultural sciences. Mexico.
  2. Gaspar, L. Fertilization of vine cultivation. Agro-strategies consultants.
  3. INIA Chile. Toxicity of manganese in blueberry plants in the north.
  4. Sierra, C. 1998. Fertilization of the Palto. INIA Intihuasi.
  5. INTA Argentina. Manual for orange and tangerine producers.
  6. Plant nutrition, the role of essential nutrients part II, Micronutrients. Institute for Technological Innovation in Agriculture. Mexico.
  7. International Plant Nutritiun Institute (IPNI). Know the deficiency of manganese ipni.net/ppiweb/iamex.nsf/$webindex/F9CC2B73823D9E1F06256AD1005E1257/$file/Conozca+la+deficiencia+de+manganeso.pdf
  8. Schulte, E. E. and Kelling, K A. 1999. Soil and applied manganese. Publication A2526. Wisconsin county Extension office. University of Wisconsin. WI, USA.
  9. Nutrition and Plant Physiology. Continuing training program. 2016
  10. National University of Madrid (UNM). Relevant aspects of the Cinc in the plant. Zinc

Function of Zinc

Zinc is necessary for the synthesis of tryptophan, which in turn is necessary for the formation of indole acetic acid in plants. The indole acetic acid is one of the auxins and is responsible for elongation and cell division. Said acid is an essential component of several vegetable metalloenzymes (specifically the dehydrogenase variety) and is therefore indispensable for several differentiated functions of plant metabolism. In fact, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is specifically activated from zinc. This element has, on the other hand, a function in RNA and protein synthesis.

The importance of microelements in the production of fruit trees and vines of high quality and condition

ZINC IN THE PLANTS

Zinc (Zn) is one of the essential micronutrients for the growth of the plant and its reproduction, being necessary only in small quantities. Its availability for absorption is related to the pH of the substrate: the high pH of the soils causes the retention of this micronutrient, fixing it in forms not available to the plant2; in substrates with acidic pH the Zn is more available.
This nutrient accumulates in the roots, through which it is actively absorbed as a divalent cation (Zn2+), and can also be absorbed as a monovalent cation (ZnOH+) to be distributed in the plant and fulfill a series of processes7 y 8. The absorption of Zinc increases with the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizae, and is reduced drastically in low temperatures and by antagonism with other elements7.
The Zn within the plant catalyzes the synthesis of the amino acid Serine, which is precursor of the amino acid Tryptophan, which in the leaf is converted to indoleacetic acid. This auxin is responsible for the growth of the shoot and the leaf, so it is normal for both to decrease their size when the Zn becomes deficient, stopping the terminal growth and forcing the lateral buds to grow weakly. This situation can be observed when the plant presents the symptom of rosette 3. There is little Zn re-translocation within the aerial biomass, particularly in plants with nitrogen deficiency, so the symptoms of the deficiency of this micronutrient are more common in young or middle-aged leaves. After sprouting, Zn concentration drops due to a dissolution effect caused by growth and increase in leaflet density13. In the younger leaves, there are chlorotic intervening zones11; the internodes are shortened in the buds, forming rosettes of yellowish leaves; the old leaves appear tanned and fall easily.

If the concentrations of Zn increase above the tolerance threshold, toxicity effects, including chlorosis and reduced plant growth, become evident; inhibition of CO fixation2, the transport of the carbohydrates in the phloem and the alteration of the permeability of the cellular membrane1.

It is necessary to consider a correct fertilization plan according to previous analyzes to optimize the resources and to project an efficient yield of the crop. Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is a widely used source of Zn, whose composition is 36%10.  In the cultivation of avocado (Hass variety) the appropriate range of Zn in leaves is 30 – 150 ppm10, in blueberry the appropriate values range from 8-30 mg / kg5, while in citrus the optimum values are 25 – 100 ppm6 and in vine they are of 26 – 40 ppm4.  In addition, in the case of vine, the optimal values of Zn in the berries when performing an analysis of 100g of dry matter is 0.04-0.08mg.

It is very important to know the best way of applying this micronutrient. Foliar applications are not as effective as Zn applied to soil, since foliar application can overcome visual symptoms but is less effective in increasing yield. This was demonstrated by Salazar et al, 2008, who argued that leaf spraying with ZnSO4 were not effective to correct foliar deficiency of Zinc and neither increased the fruit production nor the size of the same. The growth and production of plants is determined in certain periods by the limiting elements, such as Zn, so that with proper nutritional management we will ensure the success of our crop.

Deficiency of Zn in Palto

Deficiency of Zn in Citricos

Deficiency of Zn in vid

Deficiency of Zinc

Leaves with Zinc deficiencies develop inter- nectal necrosis. In the early stages, the younger leaves turn yellow. Mature leaves, on the other hand, develop small holes in their superior intervening surfaces. The phenomenon of gutting (bleeding) is also recurrent. As the deficiency progresses, the above symptoms evolve toward intense, operative necrosis. However, the main nerves remain green, as if the plant were recovering from an iron deficiency. In a large number of plants, and especially in trees, the leaves acquire a very small size and the internodes are shortened, which gives rise to that they acquire a form of rosette (circular).

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

  1. Efroymson, R.A., M.E. Will, G.W. Suter y A.C. Wooten. 1997. Toxicological benchmarks for screening contaminants of potential concern for effects on terrestrial plants. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management Activities at the East Tennessee Technology Park. 123 p.
  2. Fancelli, AL. 2006. Micronutrients in the physiology of plants. Pp 11-27. En: M Vázquez (ed). Micronutrients in agriculture. Argentine Association of Soil Science. Buenos Aires, Argentina.207pp
  3. Flores, M.; Anchondo, M.y E. Sanchez. 2009. Acidification in band, winter tillage and Zinc in walnut pecan. Chihuahua, Mexico.
  4. Gaspar, L. Fertilization of vine cultivation. Agro-strategies consultants.
  5. Hirzel, J. blueberry Fertilization. INIA Quilamapu. Chile.
  6. INTA, Manual for Orange and Mandarin Producers. Argentina.
  7. Plant nutrition, the role of essential nutrients part II, Micronutrients. Institute for Technological Innovation in Agriculture. Mexico.
  8. Perea, E.; Ojeda, D.; Hernandez, O.; Escudero, D.; Martinez, J. y G. López. 2010. Zinc as a promoter of growth and fructification in walnut pecan. Technoscience chihuahua Vol IV N° 2.
  9. Salazar, S.; Cossio, L. y L. González. 2008. Correction of chronic deficiency of Zinc in Hass avocado. Rev. Chapingo Ser. Hortic. Vol N° 2. Mexico.
  10. Sierra, C. 2003. Fertilization of crops and fruit trees in the north. INIA, Ministry of Agriculture of Chile.
  11. Sierra, C. 1998. Fertilization of the Palto. INIA Intihuasi.
  12. National University of Madrid. Relevant aspects of Zinc in the plant.
    uam.es/docencia/museovir/web/Museovirtual/fundamentos/nutricion%20mineral/micro/Zinc.htm.
  13. Wood, B. 2007. Correction of Zinc deficiency in pecan by soil banding. Dep. of Agriculture. HortScience 42: 1554-1558.

Function of Iron

Iron is essential for the enzymatic system in plant metabolism (photosynthesis and respiration). Among the enzymes involved are catalase, peroxidase, cytochrome oxidase and other cytochromes. In addition, iron is part of the protein ferrodoxin, is necessary for reductions of nitrate and sulfate and is essential for the synthesis and maintenance of chlorophyll in plants. Finally, iron is closely related to protein metabolism.

Iron in the plants

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient, required by plants. It constitutes approximately 5% in the terrestrial crust and is associated with hematite, siderite and in combinations with organic matter6. Fe is absorbed as Fe2+ or in any of its forms if chelated, either naturally or artificially. However, there is a low availability to be used by the roots due to factors that limit the presence of this microelement.
Fe is limited among other factors by soil pH, being more available in soils with acid pH (6.5) and less available in soils with alkaline pH (7.8). For each unit of pH decrease (between 4-9), the Fe is reduced 1000 times; while for Mn, Zn and Cu the availability is reduced by 100 times3,6. Also, soil texture influences the availability of this microelement: clay soils have more available Fe, while sandy soils have less availability; organic matter forms organic complexes called chelates, which facilitate the availability of Fe to the plant. Likewise, the low soil temperatures limit the availability of this element, taking a lot of importance in perennial crops such as fruit trees (avocado, citrus, vines, etc.)6.
It has been shown that iron absorption occurs only during root growth4. However, this is affected by factors such as poor irrigation management, as excess moisture in the soil decreases the presence of oxygen, thus limiting root growth and consequently Fe absorption. Likewise is increased the CO2, which generates the appearance of carbonates (HCO3-) which restrict absorption4.  The absorption process begins when the plant releases H+ by the roots which generates a reduction of the pH in the rhizosphere and facilitates the solubilization of Fe3+, chelation and reduction to Fe2+. Finally, ferrous iron enters the roots probably by a mechanism of specific conveyors3.
Fe plays an important structural role in several enzymatic systems where hemin functions as a prosthetic group. These include catalases, peroxidases and various cytochromes6,9. These allow the respiratory mechanism of cells. Other enzymes such as ferredoxin are important in the oxidation-reduction reactions in the plant (reduction of nitrite and sulfate). El Hierro is not part of chlorophyll but is indispensable for its biosynthesis (by supplying Fe to plants a good correlation is observed between Iron and chlorophyll content9). In addition, this micronutrient is an enzymatic catalyst of several biochemical reactions6.
Fe is a very little moving element inside the plant, so deficiency symptoms first appear on the young leaves at the top of the plant2. In these leaves the deficiency manifests itself as a chlorosis (pale green color) while the ribs remain green, observing a sharp contrast. In severe deficiencies, this chlorosis is observed throughout the plant as a yellowish or whitish2 which may be accompanied by marginal necrosis in both young and adult leaves. Chlorosis occurs because Fe is necessary for the synthesis of chlorophyll, which is responsible for the green color of the leaves. Its deficiency does not affect the size of the leaves4. A mild and moderate deficiency affects production and quality; a severe deficiency leads to death to the plant4. Excess toxicity of this element is not common, with the exception of rice cultivation6.
According to the foliar analysis, there are adequate values of Fe that should be kept in mind to avoid problems of crop failure. In blueberry the appropriate level of Fe is 60-120 mg / kg5, in Palto (Var. Hass and Fuerte) is 50-200 ppm7 y 8, in Tomato 141 – 250 ppm7y8, and in Vid the appropriate values of Fe are between 40 – 100 ppm1. Foliar applications are a good alternative to improve plant nutrition. If it is via fertigation, it must be taken into account that in soils with pH values higher than 7.8, it is recommended to apply EDDHA-Fe chelated iron, whereas in soils with a pH lower than “7,8” should be used as EDTA-Fe or DTPA-Fe6. A correct use of nutrients depends on the knowledge of each one of them.

Deficiency of Fe in Palto

Deficiency of Fe in Citric

Deficiency of Fe in vid

Deficiency of iron

Plants with iron deficiencies show marked chlorosis at the base of the leaves while the nerves remain green. Symptoms of iron deficiency usually begin with the interventional chlorosis of the younger leaves and end with a complete whitening of the leaves. In addition, white areas may have necrotic spots. The affected leaves that have not completely bleached are recovered after the application of iron. First, the nerves in the leaves regain their usual green color. This is probably the easiest recovery sign to identify. Iron deficiency is usually detected in calcareous soils and anaerobic conditions and is often induced by an abnormal presence of heavy metals.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

  1. Gaspar, L. Fertilization of vine cultivation. Agro-strategies consultants.
  2. Know the deficiency of Iron. International Plant Nutritiun Institute. ipni.net
  3. Iron chlorosis in crops. Institute for Technological Innovation in Agriculture. Mexico.
  4. Ferreyra R. y Ruiz, R. 2008. Feral Chlorosis of the Palto and irrigation management. INIA Tierra Adentro. INIA La Platina – INIA La Cruz. Chile.
  5. Hirzel, J. blueberry Fertilization. INIA Quilamapu. Chile.
  6. Sierra, C. 2017. An intense relationship: El Hierro, the soil and the plant. El Mercurio Journal, Santiago de Chile. Chile.
  7. Sierra, C. 2003. Fertilization of crops and fruit trees in the north. INIA, Ministry of Agriculture of Chile.
  8. Sierra, C. 1998. Fertilization of the Palto. INIA Intihuasi.
  9. Nutrition and Plant Physiology. Continuous training program. 2016

Function of Copper

COPPER IN THE PLANTS

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for plants, as it is required to complete its life cycle, including the production of viable seeds1. This element in the soil is mainly presented as chalcopyrite, in organic combinations and as an interchangeable cation in soil colloids2.
Cu in soil is not always available to be absorbed by plants. Some factors, such as pH, affect its availability as it decreases when the pH>7 and increases with values below 6. Also, of the metallic micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn y Cu), the Cu is the one that is usually more linked with the organic matter, forming very stable compounds. This explains why copper deficiency occurs in very organic soils. Sandy soils naturally have low Cu contents, while clay soils usually have a higher availability. The availability of Cu is also affected by antagonistic ions: high levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus hinder the absorption of copper2,3, and an excess of Zinc or Manganese may accentuate copper deficiency2.
The availability of Cu is also closely related to total reserves. Mineral soils containing less than 6 ppm or organic soils with less than 30 ppm of Cu may be considered to be potentially deficient2. Only a small fraction (generally less than 0.001 ppm) is in soluble form and available to be absorbed as a divalent ion (Cu+2) in aerated soils, and in its monovalent form (Cu+) in moist soils with low oxygen concentrations. Absorption is through the epidermis of the root; the movement of the ions from the epidermis to the root endodermis is through apoplastic diffusion4. The mobility of copper in the plant is classified as semi-mobile5.
Many proteins that contain Cu play key roles in processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, detoxification of superoxide radicals and lignification6. Without Cu there would be no photosynthesis, since this element is necessary for the formation of chlorophyll1. Superoxide dismutase enzymes (SOD) detoxify superoxide radicals,  the Cu-Zn-SOD for example is located in the chloroplast stroma, where the atom of Cu is involved in the detoxification of O2 generated during photosynthesis, these superoxide radicals can cause severe damage to cells6. Some enzymes that contain Cu are found in cell walls and participate in the biosynthesis of melanocytic substances and lignin: some melanocytic substances such as phytoalexins inhibit spore germination and fungal growth; the formation of lignin forms a mechanical barrier as resistance of the plant to diseases6.
Crops such as cereals and citrus are more vulnerable to lack of Cu1,2. The characteristic symptoms of its deficiency appear first in the extremities of the young leaves, which narrow and curl, while the extremity turns whitish. In addition, the growth of the internodes diminishes and the plants have aspect of “stunted”. In fruit trees the flowering and formation of fruits are very affected2. Severe deficiencies of Cu they produce chlorosis and the descending death of the terminal growths. On the other hand, concentrations higher than those required by plants produce toxic effects, such as inhibition of growth in roots and shoots4.

Optimal Cu values in leaf analysis are: 5-15 ppm in Palto Hass and fort7, 4-20 mg/kg in blueberry8, 18-34 ppm on vid9, and 6-14 ppm in citrus10. A correct use will allow the success in the production.


Deficiency of CU in Palto


Deficiency of CU in Citric


Deficiency of CU in Rosal

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

  1. International Plant Nutritiun Institute (IPNI). Know Copper Deficiency. ipni.net
  2. Sierra, C. 2016. A look at the relationship between copper, soil and plants.
  3. Synergisms and antagonisms between nutrients. Institute for Technological Innovation in Agriculture. Mexico. Tecsup. Nutrition and Plant Physiology. Continuing training program. 2016
  4. León, J. y G. Sepulveda. 2012. The oxidation damage caused by copper and the antioxidant response of plants. Inter science Vol. 37, N° 11, pp 805-811. Venezuela.
  5. Nutrition and Plant Physiology. Continuous training program. 2016
  6. Kirkby, E y Volker, R Micronutrients in Plant Physiology: Functions, Absorption and Mobility. International Plant Nutritiun Institute(IPNI)
  7. Sierra, C. 1998. Fertilization of the Palto. INIA Intihuasi.
  8. Hirzel, J. blueberry Fertilization. INIA Quilamapu. Chile.
  9. Gaspar, L. Fertilization of vine cultivation. Consulting Agro-Strategies.
  10. INTA, Manual for Orange and Mandarin Producers. Argentina.

Contact Us

You can send us an email and we'll get back to you, asap.

Send Messagee
Logo

CONTACT INFO

Ledarol CropScience
Av. The Conquistadores N° 638, 2nd floor San Isidro - Lima Peru
  • +511-201-5300
  • www.ledarol.com

© 2023 — MIGIVA Group. All rights reserved.

  • Home
  • Resources
  • Formulations
  • News
  • Corporate
  • Contact Us